Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is the most prevalent endocrine disease. It causes several complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus on sensory-neuron auditory impairment.       Materials and Methods: We conducted this case - control study during the years of 2006-2008 with the collaboration of Mashhad Diabetes Center and the Audiometric Clinic at Ghaem Hospital. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 300 diabetic patients, as the case group and 300 persons as the control group entered this study. These two groups were matched by sex and age. Audiometric examinations, consisting of Pure Tone Audiometric Test, Diapason Tests and Autoscopy were administered on the participants in the present study.Results: There was a significant difference between control and case groups in sensory-neuron auditory impairment at high and low-median frequencies. Also, there was not any association between the duration of the disease and the level of sensory-neuron auditory impairment (P>0.05). In addition, the findings indicate a significant relationship between the complicated and uncomplicated groups in terms of the level of sensory-neuron auditory impairment at high frequencies. Patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus showed prominent sensory-neuron auditory impairment at high and low-median frequencies, as compared to the control group (P<0.05). There was not such association in Type I Diabetes Mellitus (P>0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between two types of Diabetes Mellitus in the level of sensory-neuron auditory impairment. which was prominent in high frequencies (P<0.05). Also, this study showed that there was not any sex difference in the sensory-neuron auditory impairment (P>0.05).Conclusion: We propose the necessity of administrating regular audiometric examinations for the patients with diabetes mellitus. Early detection of sensory-neuron auditory impairment can decrease its progression due to better glycemic control.

Background: Inflammatory pseudotumor (IP) is a collection of histocytes, and inflammatory cells including plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and fibroblasts. The IP in the nasopharyngeal space is exceedingly rare. If left untreated it may cause permanent and serious complications. Case presentation: A 46-year-old man with left nasal congestion, and a hearing decrement in his left ear was admitted to Loghman-hakim Hospital. In audiometric evaluations, there was a 20 decibels gap in the hearing threshold between two ears. In nasopharyngoscopy, there was a large gray-to-white mass with intact epithelia in the nasopharynx. In a computed tomography scan, a large soft mass in the left nasopharynx, with no evidence of bone destruction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) homogenous isointense and hypointense mass in T1-weighted and T2-weighted images, respectively. Based on all the investigations, the risk of malignancy was considered low. As a result, the final diagnosis of IP was considered for him. Discussion: IP can occur anywhere in the body and encompasses a diverse range of masses, including inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors, IPTs of lymph nodes, orbit, and spleen, genitourinary pseudosarcomatous, and post-infectious or reparative disorders. The tumors usually affect children and young adults, and the precise incidence and prevalence of IPs are difficult to estimate. The main treatment is surgical resection, corticosteroids, or both, with alternative treatments including small molecule inhibitors, immunoglobulin, and radiotherapy. Conclusion: Sinonasal IPs are exceedingly rare. In this article, we reported a mid-aged man with an IP in his left nasopharynx space.

Background: Inflammatory pseudotumor (IP) is a collection of histocytes, and inflammatory cells including plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and fibroblasts. The IP in the nasopharyngeal space is exceedingly rare. If left untreated it may cause permanent and serious complications. Case presentation: A 46-year-old man with left nasal congestion, and a hearing decrement in his left ear was admitted to Loghman-hakim Hospital. In audiometric evaluations, there was a 20 decibels gap in the hearing threshold between two ears. In nasopharyngoscopy, there was a large gray-to-white mass with intact epithelia in the nasopharynx. In a computed tomography scan, a large soft mass in the left nasopharynx, with no evidence of bone destruction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) homogenous isointense and hypointense mass in T1-weighted and T2-weighted images, respectively. Based on all the investigations, the risk of malignancy was considered low. As a result, the final diagnosis of IP was considered for him. Discussion: IP can occur anywhere in the body and encompasses a diverse range of masses, including inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors, IPTs of lymph nodes, orbit, and spleen, genitourinary pseudosarcomatous, and post-infectious or reparative disorders. The tumors usually affect children and young adults, and the precise incidence and prevalence of IPs are difficult to estimate. The main treatment is surgical resection, corticosteroids, or both, with alternative treatments including small molecule inhibitors, immunoglobulin, and radiotherapy. Conclusion: Sinonasal IPs are exceedingly rare. In this article, we reported a mid-aged man with an IP in his left nasopharynx space.

Introduction: The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of hearing impairments and its associations with different ear problems among schoolboys in Mashhad, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional research, a representative sample of 1047 schoolboys (between age group 7 to 11 years) was subjected to diapason tests, Otoscopic examination and questionnaire. Then in the next step, suspected cases were visited by an Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) specialist and subjected to Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA).Conclusion: Data analysis identified 29 children with hearing impairment (72.1% mild, 20.9% moderate, and 2.3% severe and4.7% profound) making a prevalence of 2.76% (60.4% conductive, 27.9% sensorineural and 11.7% mixed hearing impairment).Data analysis revealed ear problems with the following prevalence’s: ear wax (13.7%), otalgia (11%), ear trauma (5.3%) and ear washing (3.6%). The prevalence of hearing impairment was comparable to that in developed countries, but was better than that in developing countries.

Background: The hearing system can detect the location of the sound source and help us pay attention to it. In the presence of the background noise, it helps detecting the desired signal (especially speech) and comprehend it. This ability is called spatial hearing processing. Spatial hearing processing disorder can adversely affect signal detection in noise, which is very important in the elderly. The aim of the present paper was reviewing the spatial hearing processing disorder and its ‘, rehabilitation methods in Iran for the elderly. Methods: In this narrative paper, theoretically, all papers on spatial hearing processing disorder and its’,rehabilitation methods among the elderly in Iran from 2000 to February 2021 were collected. The papers with the following keywords in Medline, Google scholar, Proquest, science direct, Scopus, and Magiran were studied after discarding duplicated papers: spatial stream, binaural advantage, spatial release of masking, spatial hearing segregation, rehabilitation, aging, elderly, speech in noise, localization, training, and Iran. Results: Aging adversely affects the spatial hearing processing and especially in complex environments, so rehabilitation of spatial hearing disorders can potentially improve comprehending speech in noise for the elderly. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that there is absolutely necessary to develop different rehabitation programs for different elderly groups base on their needs.